Nnnnhydrogen oxygen fuel cell pdf

An efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for affordable. Hydrogen fuel cells are pollutionfree and have greater efficiency than traditional combustion technology. None of those disadvantages occur when propane reacts directly at the anode of a fuel cell. A fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a fuel cell and oxygen through the cathode. In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are combined to form water. Fuel cell simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat. Energy efficiency and fuel consumption of fuel cells powered test railway vehicle k. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollutionmuch of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately. What are the gains in running a current pem fuel cell on pure. In a hydrogenoxygen fuel cell, energy is produced by the overall reaction represented above. Mar 28, 2017 in order for a fuel cell to work, it needs an oxidizing agent. Microbial fuel cell mfc research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. Energy efficiency and fuel consumption of fuel cells. Technology, advances, and opportunities subject presentation on natural gas fuel cells by gabriel phillips, gp renewables and trading, at the workshop on gas cleanup for fuel cell applications held march 6 7, 2014, in argonne, illinois.

The alkaline fuel cell or hydrogen oxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by francis thomas bacon in 1959. Hydrogenpowered fuel cells are not only pollutionfree, but they can also have more than two times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies. On the other side of the cell, oxygen gas, typically drawn from the outside air. Using fuel cells to address energy growth and sustainability challenges in data centers powerhourwebinar series for consulting.

At the anode site, the hydrogen molecules are split into electrons and protons. The first fuel cell was invented by sir william grove more than 150 years ago as a gaseous voltaic battery, when he discovered that electricity could be generated by reversing the electrolysis of water using hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen fuel cell design and manufacturing process used for. Then, oxygen enters the fuel cell at the cathode, where it combines with. A pem proton exchange membrane cell uses hydrogen gas h 2 and oxygen gas o 2 as fuel. Fuel cell megawatt power generation platform hydrogenics.

Hydrogen fuel cell technology offers the promise of a world in which energy is abundant, clean, reliable, and affordable. Oxygen gas arrives at the cathode and accepts electrons to be o2. Effects of impurities on fuel cell performance and durability subject this presentation, which focuses on fuel cell performance and durability, was given by james goodwin of clemson univeristy at a february 2007 meeting on new fuel cell projects. Since methanol has a very high energy density, fuel storage is not an issue. The electrodes and the catalyst typically, a fuel cell consists of two electrodes containing a catalyst, between which is an electrolyte.

Apr 21, 2010 fuel cells have been discovered for about 150 years, in the 19 th century, there was a rapid increase of its knowledge, but it is only recently that they have become prominent technology. You get a reverse fuel cell rfc or regenerative fuel cell. Space applications of hydrogen and fuel cells nasa. Aug 16, 2010 honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuelcell cars in california and japan during the next several years. Reaction engineering of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel. Our selfcontained fuel cell solution can replace or augment both renewable and. Low cost, high efficiency reversible fuel cell systems.

Development in direct methanol oxygen fuel cell dmfc mr. A major limitation of any oxygenconsuming fuel cell is the slow rate of the reduction of this element at a cathode. Figure 44 reversible voltage of the hydrogenoxygen cell 14 4. Commonly used electrolytes are naoh solution, phosphoric acid, or solid oxides. A2 chemistry module 5 redox questions aqa learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Hydrogen fuel cells for unmanned undersea vehicle propulsion. This means a fuel cell can convert about 50% of the energy in hydrogen to useful work. A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical potential energy energy stored in molecular bonds into electrical energy.

Most fuel cells in use today, however, use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals. This electricity would be used by motors, including one or more connected to axles used to power the wheels of the vehicle. Electrons will be stripped from the water, releasing oxygen, and the remaining hydrogen protons will flow through the membrane. The simplest fuel cell burns hydrogen in a flameless chemical reaction to produce electricity. Identification analysis is required to monitor the effect o f fuel pressure towards the performance of pemfc. The operation of the hydrogen fuel cells is similar to that of a battery. If a fuel cell is a device that takes a chemical fuel and consumes it to produce electricity and a waste product, an rfc can be thought of as a device that takes that waste product and electricity to return the original chemical fuel.

Fuel cells require relatively pure fuel, free of specific contaminants. Like other fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells produce electricity from oxygen and hydrogen and emit heat and water as byproducts. Describing a fuel cell s performance and efficiency basic energy conversion of a fuel cell was described as. Regenerative fuel cells can also be used with solar power or other sources of electricity to split water produced as a byproduct into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen hydration mechanism for the oxygen reduction reaction at pt and pd fuel cell catalysts yao sha, ted h. Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. Nasa has used alkaline fuel cells since the mid1960s, in apolloseries missions and on the space shuttle. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell pemfc generates electricity by electrochem ical reaction of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. In order to burn the hydrogen, a fuel cell needs a source of oxygen and this is usually obtained from air. Hydrogen abundant, clean, and efficient can be derived from diverse domestic resources such as natural gas and water. Goddard, iii, materials and process simulation center, california institute of technology, mc 974, pasadena, california 91125, united states. Nasa has used alkaline fuel cells since the mid1960s, in apolloseries missions and on the space shuttle alkaline fuel cells consume hydrogen and pure oxygen producing potable water, heat, and electricity.

The use of a fuel cell eliminates the nitrous oxide emissions. The alkaline fuel cell afc, also known as the bacon fuel cell after its british inventor, francis thomas bacon, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies. Hydrogen air and hydrogen oxygen meas are used directly in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells pemfc. The most common fuel for fuel cells is hydrogen, which when reacted with oxygen from air produces only water. How to build the simplest fuel cell ever the green. The oxygen hydration mechanism for the oxygen reduction reaction at pt and pd fuel cell catalysts.

Today is shaping up not as a dream but as a good solution to satisfy part of the energy demands and environmental future, not far away 21, 22, 23. It has several advantages over conventional pem fuel cells that operate near 80c. Write the balanced chemical equation describing this reaction using lowest wholenumber coefficients. On the other side of the cell the electrons will be returned to the hydrogen protons thus forming hydrogen. Fueling the future of mobility hydrogen and fuel cell. The usage of oxygen depleted air generated by a hydrogen fuel. This research paper describes recent developments in methanol oxygen fuel cell or direct methanol fuel cells dmfcs. Electricity energy vit heat byproduct oxygen energy. A proton exchange membrane pembased rfc system integrates a fuel cell, an electrolyzer, and a multifluid reactant storage system into an energy storage device. Middle school activity guide us department of energy. The protons pass through the electrolyte membrane, while the electrons are forced through a. Alternative sources of energy an introduction to fuel cells. Log in to save your progress and obtain a certificate.

With the centaur, apollo and space shuttle vehicles, nasa has developed extensive experience in the safe and effective handling of hydrogen. Have there been any studies done on running a pem fuel cell stack on pure o2 and h2 instead of. To increase the amount of electricity generated, individual fuel cells are combined in series to form a stack. The fuel cell has been identified as being particularly. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel often hydrogen and an oxidizing agent often oxygen into electricity through a. Renewable energy 101 fuel cells have three main applications.

In alkaline medium, oxygen reduction is considerably faster, obtaining higher cell voltage in the unit 69,72. The fuel cells are arranged in stacks in order to provide enough electricity to power a vehicle. Hydrogen fuel cells h 2 doe hydrogen program oxygen. What are the gains in running a current pem fuel cell on pure oxygen rather than atmospheric air. These byproducts could be used for fuel tank inerting, cargo bay fire suppression or water supply. Li department of mechanical engineering, university of waterloo, canada. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. Determine the number of electrons transferred in the balanced chemical equation. They are designed to optimize the efficiency of portable applications as well as for stationary fuel cell applications. The oxygen reduction reaction orr is a key step in h 2 o 2 fuel cells, which, however, suffers from slow kinetics even for state. It can deliver dc power or can be combined with an inverter or ups. The effect of pressure on the performance of hydrogen fuel. In an automotive fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen undergo a relatively cool, electrochemical reaction that directly produces electrical energy.

First, a hydrogen fuel is channeled to the anode via flow fields. For example, the rocket engines of each shuttle flight burn about 500,000 gallons of cold liquid hydrogen. These may be blended with hydrocarbons for use in internal combustion engines. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power. The evolution of the pem stationary fuel cell in the us innovation. Fuel cell handbook seventh edition netl department of energy. Tu wien has now found a way to explain why oxygen does not always enter fuel cells effectively, rendering them unusable. Chapter 8 modeling of pem fuel cell stacks with hydraulic. Original post by platos trousers i was trying to help an a level student with the hydrogenoxygen fuel cell, but this really has me stumped. The electron flows through a circuit, producing electricity oxygen is injected at the cathode the hydrogen and oxygen.

It was used as a primary source of electrical energy in the apollo space program. The construction and analysis of mfcs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging. Photoassisted oxygen reduction reaction in h2o2 fuel cells. A schema for a typical fuel cell wherein the electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane pem and. Since the reactants of fuel cells at both electrodes are supplied externally, fuel cells produce very stable voltages, with. This flow of electrons is electricity that can be used to do work, such as power a motor. The alkaline fuel cell or hydrogenoxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by francis thomas bacon in 1959. The energy capacity of the rfc is determined by the amount of available hydrogen and oxygen.

A fuel cell is a device that directly changes chemical energy derived from combining hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy and produces heat and water as byproducts. For decades, nasa has relied upon hydrogen gas as rocket fuel to deliver crew and cargo to space. Extremely lowcost alternative for the oxygen reduction. Alkaline fuel cell an overview sciencedirect topics. The type of fuel cell chosen is protonexchange membrane fuel cell and the hydrogen that feeds it is stored in compressed form at 70 mpa reaching a total storage amount of 771 kg. The oxygen hydration mechanism for the oxygen reduction.

Fuel cells enable the direct generation of electric power from hydrogen and oxygen with significantly higher effi ciency, with noiseless operation and without pollutant emissions compared with conventional combustion engines. These contaminants include sulfur and carbon compounds, and residual liquid fuels depending on the type of fuel cell that can deactivate the fuel cell catahydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Due to their high efficiency, fuel cells are very clean, with their only by. Specifications for pem fuel cell test station the fuel cell test station should be compact, automatic, and fully integrated equipment electronic with load management in a single chassis of tabletop size with provision for gas control. The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a suitable catalyst such as pt, ag, coo, etc.

Water byproduct the input energy is that produced during reactions at the electrodes. Scullin national aeronautics and space administration glenn research center cleveland, ohio 445 beijiann chang, donald w. Fuel cell operation a fuel cell is an electrochemical power source it supplies electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen electrochemically without combustion. Modules and power plant 8 outlook 11 fuel cells enable the direct generation of electric power from hydrogen and oxygen with significantly higher efficiency, with noiseless operation and without pollutant emissions compared with conventional combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cell technology for the sustainable future of. We therefore have oxygen and hydrogen gas released. A fuel cell makes electricity using the energy released by mixing fuel with air, a reaction which creates water and sometimes also carbon dioxide. Cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, ceramic fuel cell and so on, the cathodic or reduction half reaction of all these fuel cells involve oxygen reduction. The effect of environmental pressure on the performance of a multiplate hydrogenoxygen fuel cell has been studied at 30 and 60c. Common alcohol fuels are methanol ch 3oh and ethanol c 2h 5oh. The hydrogen fuel cell has two electrodes an anode and a cathode, which are separated by a membrane.

At the cathode, the protons, electrons, and oxygen combine to produce water molecules. A fuel cell generates electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen a catalyst causes a reaction which separates the hydrogen molecule into a hydrogen ion and an electron. Nrels hydrogen and fuel cell efforts are quite extensive. Oxygen hydration mechanism for the oxygen reduction reaction. In a fuel cell the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is very controlled and happens at a much slower rate. Modeling of pem fuel cell stacks with hydraulic network approach j. But rather than storing that electricity, with batteries sometimes taking many hours to recharge, fuel cells generate power onboard by reacting hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of an electrolyte a nonmetallic conductor in which electrical flow is carried by the movement of ions. Producing drinking water from hydrogen fuel cells article pdf available in journal of water supply.

Hydrogenics mw power plant platform is a clean, highlyreliable, cost effective power solution for backup, standby, and peak shaving. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. Most fuel cells are powered by hydrogen, which can be fed to the fuel cell system directly or can be generated within the fuel cell system by reforming hydrogenrich fuels such as methanol, ethanol, and hydrocarbon fuels. A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes, an. In this work, by making use of photocatalysis, the orr was significantly accelerated with a polymer semiconductor polyterthiophene. The fuelcell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogenoxygen chemical reactionand its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor. Calculate the volume of h 2 g consumed during the same time period. Effects of impurities on fuel cell performance and durability. It is configured like a battery withanode and cathode.

The only byproduct from this type of fuel cell is water. We hypothesize that the water quality produced by modern fuel cells is higher than typical tap waters and complies with us environmental protection agency usepa regulations. Express your answer in liters measured at 25c and 1. Abstract for the purpose of an environmental burden reduction and an improvement of energy efficiency, we.

Engineering issues like how to cool the fuel cell stack and whether to pressurize the fuel cell are discussed in general terms and the feasibility of certain design options is determined. Oxygen passes over the cathode, and hydrogen passes over the. Apr, 2014 in a fuel cell, the hydrogen and oxygen are separated by a membrane. An application of dmfcs in portable power sources and in hybrid electrical vehicles has recently been envisaged. Unlike most fuel cells, which are powered by hydrogen, dmfcs are powered by pure methanol, which is usually mixed with water and fed directly to the fuel cell anode. Alkaline fuel cells consume hydrogen and pure oxygen producing. Well email you at these times to remind you to study. Hydrogen atoms become ionized stripped of electrons, and now carry only a positive charge. Pdf producing drinking water from hydrogen fuel cells. The electrons travel down a circuit creating an electrical current. Design of a fuel cell system design of a specification of requirements for a fuel cell system for the electric power generation in a 77foot sailing ship master of science thesis sebastian emanuelsson jonatan persson department of energy and environment division of electric power engineering chalmers university of technology. Hydrogenoxygen pem regenerative fuel cell energy storage system david j. Fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity, with only water and heat as byproducts.

Abstract polymer electrolyte membrane pem fuel cells convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly into electrical energy. Fuel cell vehicles2003 toyota its only exhaust is water vapor. Testing in collaboration with parker hannifin, airbus and ballard power systems was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing the oxygen depleted air that is generated by a hydrogen fuel cell. The best cathode surfaces are usually made of platinum, which is a major cost factor in fuel cell design. A fuel cell needs three main components to create the chemical reaction. A schematic of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen oxygen fuel cell is shown in figure 1. The power plants are fuelled by hydrogen and oxygen from cryogenic tanks and provide both electrical power and drinking water. Hydrogen and fuel cells chemistry and nanoscience research.

An overview of fuel cells currently under development. The membrane captures the free electrons during the chemical reaction that forms water, which in turn powers anything hooked up to the fuel cell. Figure 12 chemical structure of common fuels hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Oxygen in the air reacts at one electrode and the fuel, hydrogen or methanol, at. Unlike a battery, it does not run down or require recharging andwill produce electricity, heat and water as long. A pem electrolyser is effectively a fuel cell in reverse. Yoneyama railway technical research institute, tokyo, japan 1.

The type of propane fuel cell we are investigating is a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane pem fuel cell operating near 120c. In a future hydrogen economy, harvesting water from h2 fuel cells and other devices should be considered as a byproduct of their operation. The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a. In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are. In alkaline fuel cells, pure h 2 as fuel and alkaline solutions like sodium hydroxide naoh, potassium hydroxide koh as electrolytes are used in the system. Design of a fuel cell system chalmers publication library. Activities within the chemistry and nanoscience center, funded by the department of energys fuel cells technology office, focus on developing materials and components to help enable commercially competitive deployment of hydrogen h 2 and hydrogen powered fuel cell devices in the market place.